UC-NRLF 


T  J 


AY 


Ni 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

GIFT  OF 

MRS.   MARTHA   E.   HALLIDIE. 
Class 


iPractical  ^Treatise 


INJECTORS 


fls  Feeders  or  Steam  Boilers, 


FOR  THE  USE  OF 


MASTER  MECHANICS  AHD  ENGINEERS  IN  CHARGE  OF  LOCOMOTIVE, 
MARINE  AND  STATIONARY  BOILERS. 


OWTS. 


BY 

GEORGE    X.  NISSEXSOX, 

ENGINEER. 


PRICE,        -UNirrY  50    CENTS 


NEW  YORK  : 

1890. 
PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHOR. 


PRACTICAL  TREATISE 


— ON- 


INJECTORS 

As  Feeders  of  Steam  Boilers, 

FOR   THE   USE   OF 

MASTER   MECHANICS  AND   ENGINEERS  IN    CHARGE   OF 
LOCOMOTIVE,  MARINE  AND  STATIONARY  BOILERS. 

With  Numerous  Cuts. 


GEORGE   N.  NISSENSON, 

Engineer. 


NEW  YORK : 

1890. 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHOR. 


Copyright,   189O, 

BY 

GEO.  N.  NISSENSON, 


HALLIDIE 


' 


PREFACE. 

A  LTHOUGH  the  above  title  expresses,  as  I  believe,  with  sufficient 
f\  explicitness  the  scope  and  the  purpose  of  this  volume,  yet  I  find 
it  desirable  to  say  a  few  words  for  the  better  understanding  of  it, 
in  order  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  any  disappointment  on  the  part  of 
those  who  may  be  looking  for  such  information  in  this  book,  which 
they  will  be  apt  not  to  find  in  it.  There  being  no  separate  work  on 
Injectors,  which  could  be  consulted  with  advantage  by  those  who  are 
using  this  apparatus  daily,  and  having  keenly  felt  the  want  of  it  as 
a  practical  man  myself,  I  came  to  think,  that  I  might  render  a  service  to 
the  profession  of  Engineers  and  Mechanics  by  publishing  such  a  one. 
As  a  matter  of  course,  I  confine  myself  in  it  strictly  to  what  is  of 
importance  and  practical  value  to  those  who  are  operating  Injectors, 
but  not  to  those  who  are  manufacturing  them.  In  consequence  of  this, 
the  theory  of  the  apparatus  and  its  principles  will  be  gone  into  only  so 
far  as  they  are  apt  to  facilitate  the  practice,  and  can  be  made  compre- 
hensive enough,  even  to  that  man  who  hardly  has  any  opportunity 
for  theoretical  studies.  The  main  object  of  the  book  is  to  enlighten 
the  great  army  of  practical  Engineers  as  to  How  AN  INJECTOR  WORKS, 
and  if  it  fails  to  perform  its  duties  satisfactorily,  to  show  where  to  look 
for  the  cause,  so  as  to  be  able  TO  MAKE  IT  WORK. 

Besides  the  general  principles  which  are  common  to  all  Injectors, 
the  reader  will  find  in  this  volume  the  description  and  the  direction  for 
operating  all  the  most  approved  patterns  of  Injectors  now  in  use, 
together  with  the  details  of  their  respective  improvements . 

Should  this  effort  of  mine  meet  the  approval  of  those  for  whom  this 
book  is  published,  I  propose  to  issue  similar  practical  treatises  on 
various  mechanical  appliances,  apparatuses,  and  machines,  about  which 
reliable  information  cannot  be  easily  obtained,  causing  thereby 
considerable  inconvenience  to  the  practical  men,  who  have  neither  the 
time  nor  the  opportunity  to  hunt  it  up  for  themselves  in  the  profes- 
sional Reports  and  in  the  periodical  publications. 

THE  AUTHOR. 
160  East  logth  Street, 
NEW  YORK  CITY,  August,  1890. 


96047 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Preface, 3 

Introduction,          ............  5 

The  principle  of  the  Injector, 10 

The  action  of  the  Injector, 16 

The  nozzles 18 

Lifting  Injector, 20 

Non-lifting  Injector, 22 

The  connections  for  attaching  an  Injector, 22 

The  boiler  compound  as  a  preventive  of  incrustation  of  Injectors,   .        .  25 

Suggestions  to  engineers 27 

Directions  for  determining  the  proper  size  of  Injector,       ....  29 

Useful  information,        ...........  30 

INJECTORS  ADAPTED   FOR  LOCOMOTIVE  BOILER   SERVICE. 

The  Sellers'  self-acting  Injector  of  1887, 34 

"        "       non-lifting  Injector, 37 

Friedmann's  patent  Injectors; 

The  Monitor  of  1888, 39 

The  regular  Monitor, 42 

The  W.  F., 44 

Garfield's  automatic  Injector,       .........  46 

Korting  Universal  Injector  of  1889, 48 

Little  Giant  Injector  of  1889, 50 

"    non-lifting, 52 

The  Hancock  Inspirator, 53 

INJECTORS   ADAPTED   FOR   STATIONARY   BOILER   SERVICE. 

Friedmann's  patent  Injectors; 

The  Monitor  lifting, 56 

The        "        non-lifting, 58 

Penberthy  automatic  Injector, 59 

Gresham's  automatic  Injector, 60 

Sellers' fixed  nozzle  Injector  of  1885,  ........  62 

Korting  Universal  Injector  of  1886, 64 

The  American  automatic  Injector, 66 

The  Hancock  Inspirator, 67 

The  Eberman  Injector, ,        ...  68 

The  Little  Giant  Injector, 69 

Injector  as  a  Fire  Extinguisher, 70 


INTRODUCTION. 

T  NJECTOR,  which  is  now  rapidly  superseding  all  other 
1  appliances  for  feeding  steam  boilers,  was,  as  is 
always  the  case  with  the  products  of  man's  ingenuity 
and  industry,  defective  in  many  respects  when  it  came  out 
of  the  hand  of  the  first  inventor.  However,  this  must  not 
detract  an  iota  from  the  merits  of  that  man  and  diminish 
the  service  he  has  rendered  to  industry,  much  more  so  as 
the  principle  upon  which  this  mechanical  contrivance  is 
based  proved  itself  to  be  applicable  to  various  other  useful 
purposes.  Every  injector,  in  the  first  place,  is  necessarily 
an  ejector,  for  the  same  reason  that  every  feed  pump  is  at 
the  same  time  a  draw  out  or  exhaust  pump,  because  in 
pumping  into  one  receiver  it  must  pump  out  its  stuff  from 
some  other  one.  The  special  object  in  view,  it  is  true, 
modifies  in  each  case  the  construction  of  the  apparatus,  but 
the  principle  remains  one  and  the  same. 

Although  Giffard,  the  inventor,  has  designed  his  injector 
for  feeding  steam  boilers,  yet  the  principle  which  he  had  so 
ingeniously  utilized  was  since  applied  to  numerous  other 
purposes.  Interesting  as  it  would  most  likely  be  for  the 
reader  to  become  acquainted  with  the  various  applications 
of  this  principle  and  the  gradual  development  of  the 
apparatus  it  is  based  upon,  we  find  it  necessary  to  abstain 
from  going  into  these  details,  as,  in  the  first  place,  it  would 
take  much  more  space  than  we  have  at  our  command,  and 
in  the  second,  because  it  would  be  a  deviation  from  our 
programme. 

The  knowledge  of  various  methods  and  means  employed 


6  INTRODUCTION. 

by  different  inventors  for  the  sake  of  increasing-  the  effi- 
ciency of  the  apparatus  can  be  of  practical  value  only  to 
manufacturers  or  other  inventors,  but  not  to  that  class  of 
persons  whom  we  have  exclusively  in  view.  However,  a 
short  historical  notice  will  not  be  out  of  place  here. 

The  action  of  a  fluid  or  gas  issuing  from  an  orifice  with 
great  velocity,  and  carrying  along  with  it  some  other  fluid 
or  semi-fluid  with  which  it  comes  in  contact  on  its  route, 
was  known  in  1570.  And  there  are  reasons  for  supposing 
that  it  was  understood  much  earlier,  because  every  man  in 
expectorating  or  forcing  a  strong  current  of  air  through 
the  cavity  of  his  nose,  for  the  purpose  of  getting  rid  of  the 
secretion  which  has  accumulated  inside  of  his  nostrils, 
utilizes  this  principle  of  injector  and  uses  it  as  an  ejector. 
Stephenson  took  advantage  of  this  phenomenon  and  ap- 
plied it  in  1820  as  the  well-known  blast  pipe  on  loco- 
motives. Gurney's  steam  ventilator  acted  by  means  of 
steam  passing  through  one  pipe  and  sucking  air  through 
another  connected  with  it.  This  simple  apparatus  was 
afterwards  employed  by  Nagel  and  Kaemp  in  centrifugal 
pumps  to  prevent  filling.  Besides  these  may  be  men- 
tioned Thompson's  pump,  the  water  bellows,  and  Dan- 
chell's  manometer. 

But  it  was  reserved  for  Giffard  in  1853  to  utilize  it  for 
feeding  steam  boilers,  and  the  advantages  of  this  method 
over  the  old  ones  were  so  numerous  and  apparent,  that  it 
was  speedily  recognized  and  introduced  everywhere  when 
steam  was  used  as  a  motive  power. 

In  this  country  it  was  introduced  by  Messrs.  Wm.  Sellers 
&  Co.  of  Philadelphia  in  1860,  with  very  important  improve- 
ments. In  Europe  Giffard' s  injector  underwent  a  series  of 
very  important  modifications  in  the  hands  of  Del-Peche, 
Kraus,  Korting,  Friedmann,  and  others.  The  improve- 
ments consist  mainly  in  the  more  judicious  arrangement  of 


INTRODUCTION.  7 

parts  of  the  apparatus,  and  in  replacing  others  by  new 
attachments,  which  increase  the  effectiveness  and  facilitate 
its  operation.  Amongst  the  American  recent  inventions 
may  be  mentioned  the  Hancock's,  Rue's,  Desmond's, 
Penberthy's,  Murdock's,  and  Eberman's,  which  will  be  fully 
described  at  the  proper  place. 

The  injector,  as  it  is  now  manufactured,  must  be  looked 
upon  as  being  a  very  satisfactory  apparatus,  and  it  has 
been  proved  by  a  number  of  practical  tests,  that  for  relative 
economy  of  steam  and  for  constant  duty,  it  is  the  most 
efficient  for  feeding  steam  boilers,  and  is  destined  to  super- 
sede all  other  methods  of  feed.  This  is  getting  to  be 
generally  understood  and  properly  appreciated  by  intel- 
ligent engineers,  much  more  so  because  from  experience 
they  had  learned  that  it  requires  less  attention  on  the  part 
of  the  operator,  as  the  best  injectors  are  self-adjusting  and 
fulfill  their  requirements  under  all  conditions  of  duty, 
being  at  the  same  time  less  liable  to  get  out  of  order,  and 
not  requiring  consequently  so  frequent  and  so  expensive 
repairs,  as  the  ordinary  pump  does. 

In  using  the  injector  no  difficulty  is  experienced  in 
adjusting  the  openings  for  steam  and  water,  so  as  to 
produce  a  constant  and  regular  supply  of  any  required 
quantity  of  water  to  the  boiler  without  waste  from  the 
overflow,  while  the  feed,  at  the  same  time,  may  be  varied 
sufficiently  to  meet  the  varying  demand. 

When  considering  the  performance  of  the  injector  as 
compared  with  that  of  the  steam  pump,  we  arrive  at  the 
result  that  an  injector,  heat  not  considered,  cpnsumes  a 
little  more  steam  than  the  steam  pump  of  equal  perform- 
ance. But  with  regard  to  the  heat  which  steam  com- 
municates to  the  feed  water  the  result  is  by  no  means 
so  unfavorable.  The  heat  expended  in  warming  the  water 
amounts  to  eighty-one  per  cent.,  that  converted  into  work 


8  INTRODUCTION. 

to  nineteen  per  cent;  so  that  there  is  no  direct  loss  of  heat. 
However,  a  more  advantageous  method  of  heating  the  feed 
water  can  be  obtained  by  sending  the  delivery  water 
through  an  exhaust  heater.  The  steam  employed  in  work- 
ing the  injector  is  returned  to  the  boiler  with  the  feed 
water,  raising  thereby  its  temperature,  and  preventing  the 
unequal  expansion,  so  disastrous  to  boiler  plates  caused  by 
pumping  in  water  at  a  low  temperature.  The  importance 
of  an  independent  feed  on  locomotive  engines  by  means  of 
an  injector  should  be  evident  to  everyone  who  is  familiar 
with  running  locomotives.  Up  to  the  time  of  the  introduc- 
tion of  Giffard's  injector,  donkey  pumps  or  plunger  pumps, 
driven  by  either  eccentric  or  cross-head,  were  the  usual 
methods  of  feed,  and  the  latter  are  still  in  service  on  many 
of  the  old  pattern.  But  since  the  invention  of  the  injector  it 
has  gradually  driven  out  of  use  the  contrivances  just  men- 
tioned, and  aearly  all  of  the  new  engines  built  during  the 
last  two  years  have  two  injectors  attached,  one  on  each  side 
of  the  boiler. 

That  for  locomotive  engines  the  injector  is  the  most 
reliable  and  efficient  instrument  which  can  be  used  with 
advantage,  has  been  proved  by  a  series  of  experiments 
conducted  by  a  committee  appointed  at  the  convention  of 
the  Master  Mechanics'  Association  in  1875.  The  experi- 
ments have  been  made  with  a  No.  6  Friedmann  injector, 
attached  to  a  freight  engine  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
Company.  The  result  of  the  experiments  did  show  that 
the  engine  burned  9.08  per  cent,  more  coal  and  used 
4.4  per  cent,  more  water  while  running  with  the  pump. 
Other  experiments  were  also  made  to  determine  the  tem- 
perature of  water  injected  into  the  boiler,  as  well  as  the 
quantity  of  water  which  a  No.  6  Friedmann  injector  would 
force  into  the  boiler  in  a  given  length  of  time.  The  com- 
mittee, in  presenting  the  results,  states  that  the  injector  is 


INTRODUCTION.  9 

as  reliable  as  a  pump,  and  produces  a  small  saving  in  fuel ; 
at  the  same  time  that  the  pressure  is  steadier  and  the  boiler 
is  subjected  to  fewer  changes  in  temperature.  The  action 
of  a  pump  connected  to  a  cross-head  is  not  regular,  and  it 
fails  exactly  at  the  time  when  there  is  the  greatest  demand 
for  it.  When  the  greatest  regularity  of  feed  is  necessary, 
the  movement  of  the  pump  is  so  fast  as  to  render  its  action 
uncertain,  and  it  wastes  a  maximum  power  while  it  pro- 
duces a  minimum  result.  When  connected  to  a  cross- 
head  the  pump  brings  a  diagonal  strain  and  uneven  wear 
upon  the  cross-head  and  piston  rod,  thus  materially  increas- 
ing friction  and  repairs ;  moreover,  in  cold  weather  a 
momentary  stoppage  in  the  flow  of  water  frequently  allows 
the  pump  time  to  freeze. 


THE   PRINCIPLE   OF   INJECTOR, 

Simple  as  the  working  of  a  well-constructed  and  properly 
adjusted  injector  may  appear,  it  is  by  no  means  the 
case  as  to  its  theory.  The  phenomena  involved  in  its 
operation  are  mainly  those  of  thermodynamics,  a  com- 
paratively new  science,  and  their  complexity  in  so  far  has 
defied  mathematical  analysis,  as  it  regards  the  establish- 
ment of  a  general  formula  or  of  a  series  of  formulae,  which 
would  embrace  its  modus  operandi  in  its  full  details.  It  is 
only  by  disregarding  or  assuming  that  some  of  the  varia- 
tions entering  in  its  factors  are  insignificant  in  comparison 
with  others,  that  we  may  arrive  at  a  comprehensive  state- 
ment of  the  principles  involved  in  the  injector.  Approxi- 
mate as  such  a  theory  must  necessarily  be,  it  is  still  better 
than  none ;  besides,  as  it  does  not  omit  any  of  the  main 
facts  involved,  but  only  the  secondary  ones,  it  gives  toler- 
ably true  results,  applicable  to  all  cases  as  far  as  the  main 
points  are  therein  involved. 

Moreover,  accumulated  experiences  furnish  us  with  addi- 
tional data,  which  enable  us  to  supplement  the  theory  in 
all  those  cases  where  there  happen  to  be  any  discrepancy 
or  a  failure  on  the  part  of  the  latter  to  give  a  satisfactory 
answer.  In  what  follows  we  will  present  the  theory  in 
accordance  with  what  we  have  just  said,  concentrating  our 
attention  on  the  main  points,  avoiding  all  complicating 
details,  and  endeavoring  at  the  same  time  to  be  as  com- 
prehensive as  the  nature  of  the  question  will  permit.  In 
its  principal  feature  the  phenomenon,  which  the  theory  has 
to  explain,  consists  in  this. 

A  boiler  containing  live  steam  is  tapped  at  the  highest 


THE    PRINCIPLE    OF    INJECTOR.  I  I 

point  of  the  steam  chamber,  and  a  pipe  bending  down- 
wards is  inserted  in  the  opening.  To  its  open  end  is 
attached  an  injector,  communicating  with  the  water  cham- 
ber of  the  same  boiler,  and  receiving  at  the  same  time  a 
supply  of  water  at  lower  temperature  from  another  source. 
This  last  water  is  driven  into  the  boiler  by  the  steam  of  the 
same  boiler  through  the  help  of  the  injector. 

The  question  arises,  How  can  steam  obtained  from  the 
top  of  the  boiler,  where  the  pressure  is  less  than  that  at 
the  bottom  of  it,  force  additional  water  supply  to  the  boiler 
against  a  greater  pressure  than  that  under  which  it  issues 
itself? 

Whenever  a  fluid  (whether  liquid  or  gas),  inclosed  in  a 
space,  i.e.,  confined  in  it  by  some  sort  of  pressure  and  the 
resistance  of  the  material  inclosing  that  space,  is  let  out  of 
it  through  an  opening  or  an  orifice,  it  will  flow  out,  and 
the  quantity  discharged  through  the  orifice  per  unit  of  time 
will  depend  principally  upon  the  following  circumstances : 

(1)  The  pressure  acting  upon  it  inside  of  the  inclosed 
space ; 

(2)  The  density  or  the  heaviness  of  the  fluid  possessed 
under  that  pressure ; 

(3)  The  pressure  existing  in   the  space  into  which  it 
flows ; 

(4)  The  size  and  the  form  of  the  orifice ;  and 

(5)  The  friction  it  is  subjected  to,  which  depends  chiefly 
upon  the  nature  of  the  fluid  and  upon  the  smoothness  and 
roughness  of  the  surfaces  it  comes  in  contact  with,  while 
flowing  out. 

Each  of  the  above  indicated  circumstances  not  only 
may  be  different  for  each  separate  case,  but  they  may  also 
vary  during  the  flowing  itself,  and  in  fact  they  generally 
do,  as  nothing  in  the  universe  remains  unchanged  for  a 
moment  of  time.  But  we  will  disregard  all  those  varia- 


12  THE    PRINCIPLE    OF    INJECTOR. 

tions  for  the  sake  of  simplifying  our  problem,  and,  more- 
over, leave  out  of  consideration  the  friction  and  the  shape 
of  the  orifice,  assuming  it  simply  to  be  of  a  certain  size  or 
to  have  so  many  units  of  surface.  In  this 'way  we  will 
reduce  our  principal  conditions  of  flow  to  two  first  ones ; 
namely,  to  the  pressures  (inside  and  outside)  and  to  the 
density  of  the  flowing  fluid,  assuming  that  they  remain 
unchanged  during  the  flowajgp5 

Let  us  see  now  what  will  be  the  velocity  of  steam 
issuing  from  a  boiler  under  certain  pressure  through  an 
opening  of  a  unit  of  surface,  say  one  inch.  If  the  pressure 
in  the  boiler  is,  for  instance,  five  atmospheres,  and  the 
temperature  under  which  a  complete  saturation  under  that 
pressure  takes  place  is  equal  to  307°  Fahr.  scale,  the 
weight  of  12  cubic  inches  of  steam  is  about  .001149.  As 
the  flow  takes  place  not  into  a  vacuum,  but  has  the  press- 
ure of  one  atmosphere  acting  against  it,  the  effective  head, 
i.e.,  the  head  to  which  the  flow  is  due,  will  be  5  —  ir=4 
atmospheres,  or  as  the  pressure  of  one  atmosphere  on 
a  square  inch  amounts  to  15  Ibs.,  the  total  effective  pressure 
equals  4  times  15  Ibs.,  or  60  Ibs.  Now,  if  we  had  a  pipe, 
with  one  inch  sectional  area,  and  wanted  to  fill  it  with  the 
steam  at  the  above  given  temperature,  so  as  to  put  into 
that  pipe  the  60  Ibs.  of  it,  how  long  must  that  pipe  be  ? 
This  length  can  be  easily  obtained  by  dividing  the  whole 
weight  representing  the  4  atmospheric  pressures  or  60  Ibs. 
iSfee  the  weight  of  12  cubic  inches  of  steam  or  .001149, 
and  will  be  52,218.  feet. 

Now,  if  in  accordance  with  the  well  known  formula 
v  =  8.008  \/h,  where  v  stands  for  velocity ;  8.008  is  the 
^64.4  or  ^2g,  the  acceleration  of  gravity,  and  h.  is  the 
height  or  the  length  of  our  pipe  ;  if  we  extract  the  square 
root  of  the  length  and  multiply  it  by  8.008,  we  will  obtain 
the  velocity  with  which  steam  under  the  pressure  of  4 


THE    PRINCIPLE    OF    INJECTOR.  13 

atmospheres,  and  the  temperature  of  307°  Fah.,  will  flow 
from  an  orifice  of  one  square  inch  section,  and  which  will 
be  =  1834.7  feet  per  second. 

Let  us  now  make  one  inch  square  opening  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  same  boiler  and  see  what  will  be  the  velocity  of 
the  flow  under  the  same  effective  head  of  4  atmospheres. 
As  the  excess  of  the  pressure  at  the  bottom  of  the  boiler 
due  to  the  height  of  some  4  or  5  feet  of  water  is  small  in 
comparison  with  the  4  atmospheres,  we  will  disregard  it. 
Performing  the  same  operations  as  before,  with  the  differ- 
ence that  instead  of  the  weight  of  1 2  cubic  inches  of  steam 
we  must  use  the  weight  of  1 2  cubic  inches  of  water,  we  will 
have:  v  =  8.oo8  ^136  =  92.96  feet  per  second.  Where 
136  is  the  length  of  the  pipe  in  feet,  containing  water  cor- 
responding to  4  atmospheric  pressures,  and  is  obtained  by 
dividing  60  Ibs.  into  the  weight  of  12  cubic  inches  of  water 

=  •44- 

In  comparing  the  velocity  of  steam,  issuing  from  an  inch 
orifice  under  an  effective  pressure  of  4  atmospheres,  with 
that  of  water  under  the  same  conditions,  we  see  that  the 
former  being  1834.7  ft.  per  second  is  about  20  times  as 
great  as  the  latter,  which  is  =92.96  feet  per  second. 
Notwithstanding  this  large  excess  of  velocity  of  steam  over 
that  of  water,  it  could  not  be  made  to  enter  the  boiler  for 
this  reason,  that  the  momenta  of  these  two  opposing 
streams  are  equal,  as  being  due  to  the  same  force  or  pres- 
sure. The  momentum,  namely,  is  the  product  of  the  mass 
by  the  velocity,  and  is  expressed  thus  :  v-  v  =  momentum, 
where  ^  is  the  weight  w,  divided  into  the  acceleration  of 
gravity,  g,  which  is  equal  to  32.2  ft.  per  second.  And  a 
given  force  imparts  velocities  to  two  different  bodies  in- 
versely proportional  to  their  mass,  or,  what  amounts  to  the 
same,  to  their  weights,  or  respective  heaviness  or  densities. 
But,  by  inserting  an  Injector  we  increase  the  momentum 


14  THE    PRINCIPLE    OF    INJECTOR. 

» 

on  the  steam  side,  and  make  it  feed  the  boiler,  by  condens- 
ing the  steam  jet  and  mixing  it  with  about  13  times  more 
water.  In  its  simplest  form  the  apparatus  is  represented 
on  Fig.  i  in  section. 

When  steam  is  admitted  into  the  pipe  A,  through  the 


nozzle  C,  and,  while  escaping  at  a  high  velocity,  is  joined 
by  water,  which  flows  in  through  the  pipe  B,  and  passes 
around  the  nozzle  G,  thus  condensing  the  steam  in  the 
conical  pipe  D,  it  mingles  with  it  and  drives  it  through  the 
pipe  H,  into  the  boiler. 

At  an  effective  pressure  of  60  Ibs.  per  square  inch,  the 
excess  of  velocity  of  the  steam,  as  we  know,  is  about  in 
the  proportion  of  20  to  i.  As  the  escaping  steam  in  being  * 
condensed  loses  none  of  its  velocity,  except  that  due  to  the 
friction  of  the  pipes  through  which  it  passes,  consequently, 
after  condensation  and  mixing  with  13  times  more  water, 
it  has  yet  a  penetrating  force  sufficient  to  overcome  the  re- 
sisting force  of  the  water  in  the  boiler.  At  the  moment  of 
condensation  it  imparts  its  momentum  to  the  water  by 
which  it  is  condensed,  and  with  which  it  mingles. 

Although  the  water  coming  through  the  pipe  B  has  some 
velocity,  yet  it  may  be  left  out  of  consideration  as  small  in 
comparison  with  that  of  steam.  Calling  m  the  mass  of 
steam  flowing  out  of  the  nozzle  C  in  a  unit  of  time,  M 
the  mass  of  water  which  joins  to  it,  v  the  velocity  of 
steam  issuing  from  the  nozzle  C,  V  the  velocity  of  the 
liquefied  steam  mixed  with  water,  which  has  just  condensed 
it,  we  must  have,  in  order  to  obtain  a  complete  liquefac- 


THE    PRINCIPLE    OF    INJECTOR.  15 

tion   of  steam    and  produce   an   uninterrupted  stream  of 
water,  the  equality  of  momenta,   i.  e.,    (m-fM)   V  =  m  v, 

wherefrom  v=iOT. 

Now,  if  it  is  necessary  that  the  liquid  or  the  delivery  jet 
should  have  140°  temperature,  and  that  the  temperature  of 
admitted  water  has  59°,  there  must  exist  such  a  relation 
between  the  quantities  of  water  and  steam  :* 

59  M+I2O2  m=  140  (m+M)     • 

81  M  =  1062  m 

M      1062 

m=  --8T   =I3'I: 

That  is  to  say,  there  must  be  admitted  13  times  more 
water  than  the  steam  weighs,  in  order  to  satisfy  the 
above  conditions  and  to  obtain  a  complete  liquefaction  of 
steam,  together  with  an  unbroken  stream  for  the  feed. 

m  v 

Putting  this  value  of  M  into  the  expression,  V 


we  will  see  that  the  velocity  of  mixture  =  ^  of  the  initial 
velocity  of  steam,  or  dividing  1834.7  into  14,  the  velocity  of 
the  feed  water  =131  feet  per  second,  while,  according  to 
our  calculation,  the  velocity  of  water  issuing  from  the  boiler 
was  92.96.  The  difference,  131  —  92.96,^38.04  feet,  is 
amply  sufficient  to  overcome  all  resistances  and  keep  up  a 
steady  feed.  , 

The  above  exposition  shows  how  all  such  problems  must 
be  treated.  When  the  circumstances  are  different,  it  is 
necessary  only  to  substitute  the  data  of  the  case  in  order 
to  obtain  the  desired  answer. 


*  In  being  condensed  into  water  steam  loses  990°  Fah.  units  of  heat,  and 
adding  212°  for  the  boiling  point,  its  temperature  is  equal  to 


THE  ACTION    OF  THE   INJECTOR. 

In  considering  the  action  of  the  injector  regard  must  be 
had  to  four  nozzles:  the  STEAM  NOZZLE,  through  which  the 
jet  of  steam  is  forced ;  the  COMBINING  NOZZLE,  where  the 
steam  and  water  combine ;  the  CONDENSING  NOZZLE,  in 
which  condensation  takes  place,  and  which  produces  the 
vacuum ;  and  the  DELIVERY  NOZZLE,  through  which  the 
stream  of  water  is  driven  into  the  boiler. 

As  soon  as  steam  is  admitted  into  the  steam  pipe  it 
passes  out  through  the  steam  nozzle,  c,  fig.  2,  which  is 
surrounded  by  the  feed  water  that  enters  through  the 


Fig.  2. 


supply  pipe  into  the  combining  nozzle,  e,  and  with  which 
it  combines,  being  gradually  reduced  in  volume  and  velocity 
until  it  reaches  the  condensing  nozzle,  n,  where  it  is  en- 


16 


THE    ACTION    OF    THE    INJECTOR.  I J 

tirely  converted  into  water,  and  wherefrom  it  is  driven 
through  the  delivery  nozzle,  j,  into  the  boiler,  while  it  still 
possesses  a  momentum  sufficient  to  lift  up  the  check  valve, 
to  overcome  the  friction  of  the  pipe  and  its  bends,  and 
to  displace  the  water  in  the  boiler  ahead  of  it. 


THE    NOZZLES. 

The  certainty  of  action  of  an  injector  depends  very  much 
upon  the  construction  of  the  nozzles  and  their  dimensions, 
and  that  injector  is  the  most  advantageous  which  gives  the 
greatest  performance  with  the  least  consumption  of  steam. 

The  size  of  the  bores  of  the  nozzles  are  usually  deter- 
mined by  the  steam  pressure  to  be  employed  and  the 
quantity  of  water  to  be  forced  into  a  boiler. 

STEAM  NOZZLE. — The  steam  nozzle  is  a  tube  bored  out 
straight  in  the  middle  and  slightly  conical  towards  its  ends, 
reducing  thereby  the  friction  of  the  passing  steam  to  its 
minimum.  The  bore  of  the  steam  nozzle  at  the  straight 
point  is  varying,  according  to  the  quantity  and  velocity  of 
steam  desirable  to  attain. 

COMBINING  NOZZLE. — The  combining  nozzle  is  generally 
bored  out  large  at  the  entrance  and  tapered  to  allow  the 
necessary  quantity  of  water  to  pass  around  the  annular 
space  left  between  it  and  the  steam  nozzle.  The  former 
is  so  set  inside  of  the  condensing  nozzle  that  its  narrowest 
place  comes  exactly  in  the  direction  of  the  steam  jet. 

CONDENSING  NOZZLE. — The  condensing  nozzle  forms  the 
vacuum  upon  which  depends  the  velocity  of  the  supply 
water.  With  constant  steam  pressure  and  temperature  of 
water  the  vacuum  obtained  is  lower  when  the  condensing 
nozzle  is  fed  with  too  much  or  too  little  water.  In  the  first 
case,  because  the  jet  of  steam  has  not  sufficient  power  to 
impel  the  water  which  gives  a  back  pressure  ;  in  the  second 
case,  because  the  temperature  of  the  mixture  is  not  low 
enough  to  condense  the  whole  steam,  and,  consequently, 
the  vacuum  is  lessened. 

18 


THE-  NOZZLES.  19 

DELIVERY  NOZZLE. — The  delivery  nozzle  has  the  smallest 
bore  of  all  the  preceding  nozzles,  and  upon  it  depends 
the  volume  of  water  to  be  forced  into  the  boiler. 

The  numerical  size  of  any  injector  is  the  diameter  of  the 
smallest  part  of  the  delivery  nozzle  expressed  in  milli- 
metres. Thus  a  No.  3  injector  has  an  opening  of  3  milli- 
metres in  diameter,  while  a  No.  9  injector  measures  9 
millimetres.  The  nozzles  are  made  of  a  special  metal, 
extra  hard,  in  order  to  withstand  the  velocity  of  the  flow 
and  resist  the  wear,  caused  by  impurities  contained  in 
water. 


LIFTING    INJECTOR. 

In  regard  to  the  manner  they  get  their  water  supply 
injectors  are  of  two  kinds  :  lifting  and  non-lifting.  The 
former  are  generally  placed  above  the  level  of  the  supply 
source,  as  for  instance,  in  case  of  rivers,  ponds  or  wells, 
where  there  is  no  available  head,  and  they  must  raise  their 
water,  frequently  up  to  25  feet,  before  they  drive  it  into 
the  boiler. 

The  lifting  of  the  water  is  effected  by  an  independent  jet 
of  steam,  escaping  into  the  atmosphere  through  a  lifting 
nozzle.  Steam  escaping  through  the  lifting  nozzle  at  a 
certain  velocity  forms  a  vacuum,  or,  in  other  words,  sucks 
the  air  out  of  the  supply  pipe,  compelling  thereby  the 
water  to  rise,  to  fill  up  the  space  above  its  stationary  level 
and  to  appear  at  the  overflow. 

Of  course,  this  cannot  be  obtained  without  having  the 
suction  pipe  and  all  the  connections  absolutely  air-tight. 

As  the  velocity  of  steam  escaping  from  an  orifice  varies 
with  the  pressure,  the  lifting  nozzle  must  be  proportioned, 
so  as  to  be  able  to  lift  up  the  necessary  amount  of  water 
under  the  minimum  steam  pressure.  Its  lifting  capacity 
depends  also  on  the  temperature  of  the  supply  water,  and 
the  lower  the  temperature  is  the  better  effect  it  will  give. 

Below  is  a  table,  showing  steam  pressure,  required  to 
lift  and  deliver  water  with  a  No.  6  Sellers  *fixed  nozzle 
injector,  as  obtained  from  experiments  conducted  by  the 

*Fixed  nozzle  injector  is  one  that  has  nozzles  fixed  into  it,  having  no  motion. 

20 


LIFTING    INJECTOR. 


21 


Park    Benjamin    Scientific   Expert    Office    of  New  York, 
during  May,  1879. 


Height  of  the  lift. 

Steam  pressure  re- 
quired to  lift  and 
deliver  water. 

Height  of  the  lift. 

Steam  pressure  re- 
quired to  lift  and 
deliver  water. 

Feet.           Inches. 
3              o 
5              o 

II                  6 
15                 0 

Lbs.  per  sq.  inch. 
25 
30 
40 

49 

Feet.           Inches. 
21                  3 

22                 10  •! 

Lbs.  per  sq.  inch. 

g 

70 
100 

From  the  above  it  will  be  seen  that  no  advantage  is  de- 
rived from  increasing  steam  pressure  beyond  60  Ibs.  per 
sq.  inch  ;  while  the  lift  decreases  very  rapidly  when  steam 
pressure  is  reduced. 

In  starting  a  lifting  injector,  steam  is  first  admitted  to  the 
lifting  nozzle,  the  water  supply  valve  having  been  pre- 
viously adjusted  so  as  to  deliver  about  the  maximum 
amount  of  water,  corresponding  to  the  steam  pressure; 
and  as  soon  as  solid  water  appears  at  the  overflow,  the 
steam  valve  of  the  steam  nozzle  is  opened  slightly,  until 
the  jet  is  established*  when  the  full  steam  pressure  is. 
turned  on  and  the  steam  valve  of  the  lifting  nozzle  is 
closed. 

The  steam  valve  of  the  steam  nozzle  should  always  be 
slightly  opened  before  closing  the  steam  valve  of  the  lifting 
nozzle,  in  order  to  prevent  a  break  in  the  vacuum.  Such 
a  break  may  also  occur  when  the  overflow  check  is  closed, 
breaking  off  thereby  the  connection  between  the  stream 
and  the  atmosphere,  and  the  water  would  be  forced  back 
through  the  suction  pipe  into  the  tank.  This,  however,  is 
intentionally  done  when  it  is  desirable  to  heat  the  supply 
water,  and  the  check  valve  for  this  reason  is  called  heater 
cock,  which  does  a  good  service  in  the  winter  time. 


NON-LIFTING  INJECTOR. 

• 

A  non-lifting  injector  is  used  when  there  is  a  head  of 
water  or  pressure  in  the  hydrant  or  in  the  supply  reservoir 
and  the  water  flows  into  the  injector  by  itself,  without  being 
lifted  up  by  the  steam  jet. 

A  lifting  injector  may  be  converted  into  a  non-lifting  by 
simply  closing  the  steam  valve  of  the  lifting  nozzle. 


THE  CONNECTIONS   FOR  ATTACHING  AN 

INJECTOR. 

Like  the  steam  pump,  an  injector  has  three  connections 
for  attachments  and  they  are  respectively  known  as : 
steam,  suction  and  delivery  connections,  being  the  only 
ones,  which  require  attention.  They  must  be  made  with 
pipes  of  the  same  or  greater  internal  diameter  than  the 
openings  of  the  corresponding  branches  of  the  injector. 

Steam  should  be  taken  from  the  highest  part  of  the  boiler, 
but  not  on  its  sides  or  its  ends,  in  order  to  avoid  the  carry- 
ing over  of  water  with  the  steam,  as  wet  steam  cuts  into 
and  makes  grooves  in  the  steam  nozzle.  In  the  case  of 
portable  or  traction  engines,  it  is  important  to  take  the 
steam  from  the  centre  of  the  boiler  and  at  its  highest 
point,  as  a  steam  pipe  at  either  end  is  sure  to  be  flooded 
with  water  when  ascending  or  descending  a  hill.  If  there 
is  a  large  pipe  for  supplying  the  engine  or  for  any  other 
purpose,  the  injector's  steam  pipe  is  to  be  placed  at  a  dis- 


22 


THE  CONNECTIONS  FOR  ATTACHING  AN  INJECTOR.  23 

tance  from  such  pipe,  as  it  will  sometimes  draw  water  and 
flood  the  injector's  steam  pipe,  if  too  close.  It  is  often 
advantageous  to  provide  the  boiler  with  a  supplementary 
dome,  which  may  simply  consist  of  one  foot  long  piece  of 
2  inch  pipe,  and  will  aid  to  secure  perfectly  dry  steam. 

Suction. — One  of  the  most  essential  requirements  for 
the  successful  working  of  the  injector  is  a  tight  suction, 
which  will  not  leak  air.  This  is  especially  important  on  a 
high  lift,  and  with  the  smaller  sizes  of  injectors,  which  in 
consequence  of  their  size  are  perceptibly  affected  even  by 
such  a  small  leak,  which,  perhaps,  would  not  materially 
diminish  the  efficiency  of  a  large  injector.  The  size  of 
the  suction  pipe  must  be  proportional  to  its  length,  always 
increasing  when  the  lift  is  high  or  the  trail  long,  and  it 
should  have  as  few  bends  as  possible.  There  is  really  no 
use  for  a  foot  valve,  but  it  is  better  to  place  a  strainer  over 
the  receiving  end  of  the  water  supply  pipe,  in  order  to 
prevent  floating  particles  of  wood  or  any  other  matter 
from  being  carried  up  and  from  clogging  the  injector.  The 
holes  in  this  strainer  must  not  exceed  the  smallest  opening 
in  the  delivery  nozzle,  and  their  total  area  should  be 
somewhat  greater  than  the  area  of  the  water  supply 
pipe,  in  order  to  compensate  for  some  of  them  becoming 
clogged  or  closed  by  deposits.  When  the  supply  water 
reaches  the  injector  under  a  head  or  a  pressure,  say  from 
a  street  main,  it  is  necessary  to  provide  the  supply  pipe 
with  a  regulating  cock  or  valve,  as  this  pressure  may,  if 
too  excessive,  disturb  the  action  of  the  injector.  In  such 
cases  it  is  always  preferable  to  take  the  water  from  a  tank 
fed  by  a  ball-cock. 

Delivery. — The  delivery  pipe  should  be  as  large  as  called 
for  by  the  injector's  connection,  and  a  check  valve  placed 
between  this  connection  and  boiler,  so  that  the  injector 
could  be  disconnected  in  case  of  repairs.  The  check  valve 


24  THE  CONNECTIONS  FOR  ATTACHING  AN  INJECTOR. 

must  be  of  the  same  size  as  the  pipe  or  little   larger,  as 
this  would  not  impair  the  working  of  the  injector. 

The  Overflow. — The  overflow  must  not  be  piped  at  all, 
but  a  funnel  with  a  drip  pipe  should  be  placed  under  the 
overflow  nozzle  so  as  to  carry  the  waste  water  into  the 
sewer  or  collect  it  into  a  tank.  If  it  should  be  found 
desirable  to  pipe  the  overflow,  it  may  be  done,  but  then 
the  overflow  pipe  must  be  set  as  nearly  perpendicular  as 
possible,  and  be  larger  than  the  diameter  of  the  overflow. 
Never  allow  the  outlet  of  overflow  pipe  to  go  below  the 
surface  of  the  water,  as  this  will  choke  it. 


THE  BOILER  COMPOUND  AS  A  PREVENT- 
IVE OF  INCRUSTATION  AND  COR- 
ROSION  OF   INJECTORS. 

A  great  number  of  Injectors  on  Locomotive  Engines  are 
supplied  with  cups  for  lubricating  the  interior  parts  of 
Injector  to  prevent  the  formation  of  scale.  The  cup  is 
placed  at  the  suction  end  of  the  injector  as  shown  on  page 
42,  Fig.  7,  and  lubricates  while  the  injector  is  at  work. 
The  quantity  of  oil  is  regulated  according  to  the  condition 
of  water. 

On  railroads,  where  the  water  is  impure,  scale  will 
appear  on  the  nozzles  of  an  injector,  unless  precaution  is 
taken  against  its  formation,  so  troublesome  to  the  engineer. 
Instead  of  oil  it  would  be  much  more  advantageous  to  feed 
with  boiler  compound  through  an  injector,  as  this  would 
benefit  not  only  the  injector  alone,  but  also  the  boiler. 
There  is  no  need  of  going  into  details  about  the  danger  of 
running  boilers  without  proper  care,  the  fact  is  too  well 
known  to  every  intelligent  engineer,  and  this  alone  should 
be  sufficient  for  using  boiler  compounds. 

The  enormous  quantity  of  this  compound  consumed  an- 
nually by  all  classes  of  steam  boilers  shows  that  so  far  it  is 
the  only  remedy  for  the  prevention  of  scale  in  steam 
boilers. 

Among  the  many  solvents,  introduced  for  the  removal 
and  prevention  of  scale,  the  compound  manufactured  by 
Geo.  W.  Lord,  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  is  the  only  compound 
that  is  not  damaging  and  destructive  to  boilers,  and  is  the 
only  chemical  preparation  that  could  be  used  advantage- 

25 


26 


THE  BOILER  COMPOUND. 


ously  at  the  present  day.  It  not  only  prevents  the  forma- 
tion of  scale  or  rot  in  all  kinds  of  boilers,  but  also  softens 
and  removes  it  when  it  has  been  already  formed  without 
c.r.y  injury  to  the  iron,  as  it  neutralizes  the  action  of  those 
salts,  which  form  the  basis  of  all  scale  and  incrustation. 

As  the  injectors  for  stationary  boilers  have  no  special 
arrangements  for  the  introduction  of  boiler  compound,  the 
same  may  be  added  to  the  feed  water,  if  the  latter  is  ob- 
tained from  a  tank. 


SUGGESTIONS  TO   ENGINEERS. 

Engineers  are  sometimes  experiencing  considerable  dif- 
ficulties in  trying  to  find  out  the  cause  that  their  injector 
fails  to  work  and  attempt  to  interfere  with  the  interior  of 
the  injector. 

In  many  cases  the  trouble  lies  in  the  connections  and 
therefore  it  is  advisable  to  examine  them,  before  discon- 
necting the  injector. 

In  making  pipe  connections,  it  is  necessary  to  blow  them 
out  clean,  before  connecting  the  injector,  in  order  to  wash 
out  all  red  lead,  scale  or  other  solids,  that  may  be  in  the 
pipes  and  which  would  otherwise  fill  the  nozzles  of  the 
injector  and  impair  its  action.  After  the  connections  have 
been  examined  and  found  in  good  order,  the  injector  is 
disconnected  and  the  cap  or  plug  removed  for  cleaning  the 
nozzles. 

1.  WnEiSL  THE  INJECTOR  FAILS  TO  LIFT  the  water  well  the 
difficulty  is  with  the  suction,  which  must  be  absolutely  air- 
tight. 

2.  The  cause  may  also  be  with  the  overflow.     When  the 
latter  is  choked  or  piped,  and  is  not  wide   open,  the  steam 
and  air  do  not  have  a  free  vent,   and  would  not  let  the 
water  rise. 

3.  When  the  supply  pipe  is  very  hot,  it  should  be  cooled 
off  with  cold  water   or  by   letting  the  steam  on  and  off 
suddenly  at  the  starting  valve,   until  the  hot  water  is  all 
disposed  of. 

4.  When  the  lift  is  out  of  proportion  to  the  steam  pres- 
sure, and  the  steam  pressure  is  either  too  low  or  too  high. 

5.  Absence  of  water  at  the  supply  source. 

27 


28  SUGGESTIONS    TO    ENGINEERS. 

6.  The  strainer  may  be  clogged  up. 
WHEN  AN  INJECTOR  LIFTS  THE  WATER  BUT  DOES  NOT  FORCE 
IT  TO  THE  BOILER. 

1.  In  many  cases  this  trouble  is  caused  by  starving  the 
injector,  i.  e.,  by  not  giving  it  enough  water. 

2.  Through  a  defective  check  valve  in  the  delivery  pipe, 
which  may  be  stuck  down,  or  is  not  set  properly  and  does 
not  rise  sufficiently. 

3.  By  a  leak  in  the    supply  pipe,  admitting  air  to  the 
injector  along  with  the  supply  water. 

4.  By  the  delivery  nozzle  having  become  dirty,  and  it 
must  be. cleaned  in  the  manner  prescribed  in  the  description 
of  each  kind  of  injector. 

IF  THE  INJECTOR  STARTS  BUT  " BREAKS." 

1 .  The  supply  water  is  not  properly  regulated. 

2.  A  leak  in  the  supply  pipe  admits  air  into  the  injector. 

3.  The  disc  of  the  steam  valve  may  be  loose. 

4.  Connecting   steam   pipe   to   a   pipe    used  for  other 
purposes. 


DIRECTIONS   FOR  DETERMINING  THE 
PROPER  SIZE  OF  INJECTORS. 

Knowing  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  evaporated 
per  hour  by  a  boiler,  the  proper  size  of  injector  to  supply 
it  may  be  determined  from  the  table  of  capacities  furnished 
by  manufacturers  of  injectors. 

Given  the  indicated  horse  power,  the  quantity  of  water 
required  may  be  approximately  obtained,  assuming  that 
each  horse  power  requires  one  cubic  foot  of  water  per  hour, 
which  is  equivalent  to  7$  gallons,  and  by  multiplying  the 
number  of  horse  power  of  boiler  by  the  number  of  gallons. 
The  product  will  be  the  amount  of  water  required  for 
the  boiler  per  hour,  and  the  table  of  capacities  will  give 
the  size  of  the  injector.  In  no  case,  should  the  injector 
selected  be  larger  than  will  give  at  maximum  pressure  the 
number  of  cubic  feet  of  water,  corresponding  to  the  num- 
ber of  horse  power;  for,  if  too  large,  the  minimum  may 
exceed  the  wants  of  the  boiler,  necessitating  frequent 
stoppages  in  order  to  prevent  flooding,  which,  aside  from 
the  trouble  it  occasions,  is  not  so  economical  as  a  constant 
and  regular  feed,  exactly  compensating  the  drain  on  the 
boiler. 


f 
29  (   UNIVERSITY  , 

ILIFC    ' 


USEFUL  INFORMATION. 

A  cubic  foot  of  water  contains  7^  gallons  U.  S. 
Standard  and  weighs  62^  pounds. 

The  U.  S.  Standard  gallon  measures  231  cubic  inches 
and  contains  8j^  Ibs.  of  distilled  water. 

To  evaporate  one  cubic  foot  of  water  requires  the  con- 
sumption of  7^£  Ibs.  of  coal ;  or  about  i  Ib.  of  coal  to  one 
gallon  of  water. 

The  average  consumption  of  coal  for  steam  boilers  is  1 2 
Ibs.  per  hour  for  each  square  foot  of  grate. 

U.  S.  Gallons  multiplied  by  231  will  express  the  volume 
in  cubic  inches. 

A  cubic  inch  of  water  evaporated  under  ordinary  atmos- 
pheric pressure  is  converted  into  one  cubic  foot  of  steam. 

Steam  at  atmospheric  pressure  flows  into  a  vacuum  at 
the  rate  of  about  1550  feet  per  second,  and  into  the  atmos- 
phere at  the  rate  of  650  feet  per  second. 

The  specific  gravity  of  steam  (at  atmospheric  pressure) 
is  .41 1  of  that  of  air  at  34°  Fah.,  and  .0006  of  that  of  water 
at  same  temperature. 

27,222  cubic  feet  of  steam  weigh  i  pound. 

1 1, 1 88  cubic  feet  of  air  weigh  one  pound. 

Locomotives  average  a  consumption  of  3000  gallons  of 
water  per  one  hundred  miles. 

To  remove  lime,  when  the  nozzles  of  an  injector  become 
coated  with  it,  let  them  stand  over  night  in  a  solution  of 
one  part  of  Muriatic  acid  to  10  parts  water;  or  boil  the 
nozzles  in  vinegar  and  salt,  using  two  table-spoonfuls  of 
salt  to  one  quart  of  vinegar. 

30 


USEFUL    INFORMATION, 


TABLE  OF  FLOW  OF  STEAM  THROUGH  PIPES. 


Diameter  of  Pipe  in  Inches.  Length  of  each=24o  diameters. 

z  t 


8        lo        12        is       i8 


Weight  of  Steam  per  minute  in  pounds,  with  i  pound  loss  of  pressure. 


-   —  /i     \j-  i  *  — r  i     vr--r\/  —  \j-\j~  ,  -T wj     •  *    V *s~  s 

1.442.57    7.IJI2.72  19.15  31.45  58.05    95.8143.6262 

1.7013.02   8.3|i4.94'22. 49  36.94  68.201112.6,168.7 

i.9iJ3.40|  9.416.84125.3541.63  76.84  126.9' 190.  i 

402.1013.74  10.3  18.51127.8745.77  84.49  139.51209.038 

50  2. 27!4.04|  1 1. 2  20.01  J30.I349.48!  91. 34!  150.8  226.0  412 


60  2.434.32  11.9  21.38:32.19  52.87   97.60  161.1 


70  2.57:4- 58| I2.6i22.6s  34-iQ 


80  2.71)4.821 13.3123.82135.87  58.911108.741179.5 
90  2.8315.04!  13.9  24.9*137.52  61. 621113. 741187.8 
1002.9515.25:14.525.9639.0764.18118.471195.6293.1 


1203.16.5.63115.5 


150  3.45|6. 14J  i7-o  30-37  45-72 


56.00:103.37170.7 


.2 

241.5440.5 
255.8466.5 
269.0490.7 
281.4513.3 

534-6 

3I4.5573-7 
75.09  138.61:228.81343.0625.5 


27.85  41.93  68.87  127.12  209.9 


34I-I 
422.7 

496.5 
559-5 
6i5-3 
665.0 
710.6 

752.7 
791.7 
828.1 
862.6 
925-6 
1009.2 


502.4 
622.5 

731-3 
824.1 
906.0 


804 
996 
1170 
1318 
1450 


1177 
1458 
1713 
1930 

2122 
2294 

...   .„  2451 
II08.5  1774  2596 

n66.i|i866|273i 
1219.8,195112856 
1270. 1 12032 12975 


979-5I567 
1046.7.1675 


1363.32181 
1486.5  2378 


3193 
348i 


For  horse-power,  multiply  the  figures  in  the  table  by  2.    For  any  other  loss  of 

pressure,  multiply  by  the  square  root  of  the  given  loss. 
A  horse-power  in  a  steam-engine  or  other  prime  mpver,  is  550  Ibs.  raised  i  foot 

per  second,  or  33,000  Ibs.  i  foot  per  minute. 


INJECTORS 


ADAPTED  FOR 


.  LOCOMOTIVE  BOILER  SERVICE 


EXPLANATION  OF  DETAILS. 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  OPERATION. 


SELLERS'   SELF-ACTING  LIFTING 
INJECTOR  OF  1887. 


Fig.  I. 

The  accompanying  engravings  represent  an  elevation 
and  sectional  view  of  Sellers'  self-acting  injector  of  1887. 
Referringto  Fig.  2,  the  sectional  view  of  the  injector,  it  will 
be  seen  it  consists  of  case  A  provided  with  a  steam  inlet 
B,  a  water  inlet  C,  an  outlet  D  through  which  the  water  is 
conveyed  to  the  boiler,  an  overflow  opening  E,  a  lever  F 
by  which  to  admit  steam,  start  and  stop  its  working,  a  hand 
wheel  G  to  regulate  the  supply  of  water,  and  an  eccentric 
lever  H  to  close  the  waste  valve  when  it  is  desired  to  make 
a  heater  of  the  injector. 

34 


SELLERS     SELF-ACTING    LIFTING    INJECTOR, 


35 


The  operation  of  the  injector  is  as  follows :  The  water 
inlet  C  being  in  communication  with  the  water  supply,  the 
valve  a  is  opened  to  allow  the  water  to  enter  the  chamber 
I.  Steam  is  admitted  to  the  chamber  B  and  the  lever  F  is 
drawn  out  to  lift  the  valve  b  from  its  seat  and  permit  the 
steam  to  enter  the  annular  lifting  steam  nozzle  c  through 
the  holes  d  d.  The  issuing  steam  from  this  nozzle  passes 
through,  the  annular  combining  tube  e  and  escapes  from 
the  instrument  partly  through  the  overflow  opening  f  and 


Fig.  2. 

partly  through  the  overflow  openings  provided  in  the  com- 
bining tube  g  g,  through  the  overflow  chamber  J  and  pas- 
sage E  E,  and  produces  a  strong  vacuum  in  the  water 
chamber  I,  which  lifts  the  water  from  the  source  of  supply, 
and  the  united  jet  of  steam  and  water  is  by  reason  of  its 
velocity,  discharged  into  the  rear  of  receiving  end  of  the 
combining  tube  g.  The  further  movement  of  the  lever  F 
withdraws  the  spindle  h  until  the  steam  plug  i  is  out  of  the 
steam  nozzle  K,  allowing  the  steam  to  pass  through  the 


36  SELLERS'  SELF-ACTING  LIFTING  INJECTOR. 

steam  nozzle  K  and  come  in  contact  with  the  annular  jet 
of  water  which  is  flowing  into  the  combining  nozzle  around 
the  nozzle  K.  This  jet  of  water  has  already  considerable 
velocity,  and  the  forcing  steam  jet  imparts  to  it  the  neces- 
sary increment  of  velocity  to  enable  it  to  enter  the  boiler 
through  the  delivery  nozzle  J  and  check  k. 


THE  SELLERS'  NON-LIFTING  INJECTOR. 

The  non-lifting  injector,  which  is  shown  in  the  figs.  3  and 
4,  is  more  simple  in  construction  and  in  operation  than  the 
one  just  described.  It  is  generally  placed  below  the  level 
of  the  water  in  the  tender. 


TO  BOILER 


STEAM 


To  start  the  injector  it  is  necessary  to  open  the  water 
supply  valve  sufficiently  to  deliver  about  the  maximum 
amount  of  water  that  the  injector  can  take  at  the  given 
pressure,  and,  the  overflow  valve  being  open,  as  soon  as 
the  water  escapes  freely  through  the  overflow,  to  open  the 
steam  valve  slightly,  until  the  jet  is  established,  and  then 
to  open  the  steam  valve  wide  by  a  quick  motion.  The 
quantity  of  water  is  regulated  by  a  special  water  valve. 

37 


THE    SELLERS     NON-LIFTING    INJECTOR. 


Fig.  4. 

The  nozzles  of  the  lifting  injector  as  well  as  of  the 
non-lifting,  are  fixed  in  a  straight  line,  so  that  a  wire  can 
readily  be  passed  through  them  to  dislodge  an  obstruction 
if  necessary,  by  simply  disconnecting  the  pipe  union  in  the 
delivery  end  of  the  former  or  the  cap  of  the  latter. 


FRIEDMANN'S  PATENT  LIFTING  INJECTOR, 
THE  MONITOR  OF  1888. 

Figs.  5  and  6  represent  an  elevation  and  sectional  view 
of  the  injector,  the  construction  and  operation  of  which 
may  be  described  as  follows : 

Referring  to  Fig.  6,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  injector  con- 
sists of  a  case,  provided  with  a  steam  outlet,  water  inlet 
and  an  outlet,  through  which  the  water  is  forced  into  the 
boiler,  an  overflow  opening,  a  lever  by  which  to  admit 
steam,  start  and  stop  its  working,  a  hand  wheel  to  regulate 
the  supply  of  water,  and  a  T  handle  to  close  the  waste 
valve,  when  it  is  desired  to  make  a  heater  of  the  injector. 

A  hollow  spindle  (called  the  lifting  nozzle),  passing 
through  the  steam  nozzle  into  the  combining  nozzle,  is 
secured  to  a  rod  and  valve.  A  second  valve  is  secured  to 
the  same  rod  in  such  a  manner  that  it  can  be  opened 
(thus  admitting  steam  to  the  centre  of  the  spindle,)  without 
raising  the  former  valve  (of  the  steam  nozzle)  from  its  seat, 
if  the  rod  is  not  drawn  out  any  farther,  after  the  stop  on 
the  hollow  spindle  comes  in  contact  with  the  valve.  The 
rod  is  connected  to  a  cross-head,  which  is  lifted  over  the 
guide  rod,  and  a  lever  is  secured  to  the  cross-head. 

The  manipulation  required  to  start  the  injector  is  as  fol- 
lows :  Move  lever  until  contact  takes,  place  between  the 
valve  and  the  stop  on  hollow  spindle,  which  can  be  felt  by 
the  hand  upon  the  lever,  steam  is  admitted  to  the  centre 
of  the  spindle,  and  expanding  as  it  passes  into  the  con- 
densing and  overflow  nozzles  lifts  the  water  through  the 
supply  pipe  into  the  combining  nozzle.  As  soon  as  solid 

39 


4O  FRIEDMANN  S    PATENT    LIFTING    INJECTOR. 

water  appears  at  the  overflow  the  lever  may  be  drawn  out 
to  its  full  extent,  opening  the  steam  valve  of  the  steam 


nozzle  when  the  action  of  the  injector  will  be  continuous 
as  long  as  steam  and  water  are  supplied  to  it.     To  regu- 


FRIEDMANN  S    PATENT    LIFTING    INJECTOR.  41 

late  the  amount  of  water  delivered  at  different  pressures  of 
steam  turn  the  hand  wheel  to  right  or  left,  thus  closing  or 
opening  the  water  valve. 


imioa  01 


THE  REGULAR  MONITOR  LIFTING 
INJECTOR. 

The  accompanying  engravings  represent  the  same 
Monitor  injector  as  already  described  on  the  preceding 
page,  with  that  difference  that  the  regular  Monitor  injector 
has  an  independent  lifting  jet. 


Fig.  7- 

To  start  this  injector  open  jet  valve  J  first  when  water 
appears  at  overflow,  open  steam  valve  which  is  situated 
above  the  jet  and  close  jet  valve. 

The  steam  valve  should  always  be  slightly  opened 
before  closing  the  jet  valve,  so  as  to  prevent  a  break  in 
the  vacuum. 

The  nozzles  are  easily  reached  by  unscrewing  the  line 
check  L  as  shown  on  Fig.  8. 

42 


THE    REGULAR    MONITOR    LIFTING    INJECTOR.  43 

K 


Fig.  8. 


The  position  of  the  Monitor  injector  on  a  locomotive 
engine  is  shown  on  the  following  Fig.  9. 


Fig.  9. 


THE  W.  F.  NON-LIFTING  INJECTOR. 

The  class  W.  F.  non-lifting  injector,  represented  in 
Figs.  10  and  n,  is  a  modification  of  the  original  Fried- 
mann  injector  of  Vienna.  It  is  capable  of  regulating  the 
water  supply  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  engine  under 
different  pressures  and  rates  of  speed. 

It  is  operated  by  simply  opening  and  closing  the  steam 
valve  in  starting  and  stopping.  The  feed  water  may  be 
reduced  to  more  than  half  the  capacity  of  the  injector  by 


Fig.  10. 


Fig.  ii. 


THE    W.    F.    NON-LIFTING    INJECTOR. 


45 


partially  closing  the  lazy-cock  placed  in  the  supply  pipe 
between  the  injector  and  tender  of  engine. 

The  position  of  this  injector  on  a  locomotive  is  shown 
in  Fig.  12. 


Fig.  12. 


GARFIELD'S  AUTOMATIC  LIFTING 
INJECTOR. 


Fig.  13. 

The  above  engraving  represents  the  Garfield  injector 
recently  patented  and  introduced.  The  construction  and 
position  of  the  nozzles  is  shown  in  the  Figure  14  below. 
The  action  of  the  steam  and  water  in  the  combined  nozzle 
where  they  come  together  at  2  and  3  is  to  form  a  vacuum 


GAK FIELD  S    AUTOMATIC    LIFTING    INJECTOR.  47 

or  to  expel  all  the  air  from  the  chambers  designated. 
When  this  vacuum  forms,  the  ring  5  adheres  closely  to  the 
condensing  chamber.  Whenever  this  vacuum  is  broken, 
the  stream  of  water  forced  into  the  boiler  is  also  broken, 
and  should  the  stream  from  any  cause  be  broken  by  being 
graded  very  low,  or  from  any  motion  of  the  engine  in  pass- 
ing over  a  rough  track,  it  is  easily  restarted. 

The  manipulation  required  to  start  the  injector  is  as  fol- 
lows :  Open  steam  valve  by  moving  the  lever  out  forward, 
then  regulate  the  water  valve  by  the  handle  underneath 
the  lever. 

The  nozzles  are  easily  reached  by  unscrewing  the  bolts, 
and  when  the  injector  is  put  together,  care  should  be  taken 
to  have  the  nozzles  put  in  as  they  are  shown  in  the  cut 
above,  and  that  the  bolts  are  tightened  evenly  so  as  to 
properly  seat  the  nozzles. 


KORTING  UNIVERSAL  LIFTING  INJECTOR 

OF  1889. 

The  accompanying  engravings  represent  the  external 
and  internal  views  of  the  Korting  injector,  used  for  either 
locomotive  or  stationary  boilers.  The  instrument  is  a 
combination  of  two  steam  jet  apparatuses,  the  first  one 
proportioned  for  lifting  and  delivering  the  water,  under 
some  pressure  into  the  second  one,  where  its  velocity  is 
Sufficiently  augmented  to  overcome  the  counter  pressure 


Fig.  15- 

in  the  boiler.  The  first  apparatus  has  a  proportionately 
small  steam  nozzle,  to  insure  high  suction.  The  nozzles 
are  easily  removed  for  cleaning  or  repairing  by  unscrewing 
the  caps  K  K  K  K,  and  when  putting  them  in,  attention 
must  be  paid  to  have  them  placed  into  the  same  position, 

48 


KORTING    UNIVERSAL    LIFTING    INJECTOR    OF    1889.         49 


Fig.  16. 


and  for  that  purpose  the  lower  nozzles  are  marked  L,  and 
the  upper  ones  U  (stamped  on  casting). 

To  start  the  injector  open  steam  valves  by  moving  the 
lever  A  Fig.  16  to  the  direction  of  the  arrow  as  shown  by 
the  dotted  lines.  , 


Fig.  17. 


In  Fig.    17   is  shown  the   position   of  the    injector   on 
locomotive  engine. 


LITTLE  GIANT  LIFTING  INJECTOR  OF  1889. 


Fig.  18. 

The  above  engraving  represents  an  improvement  of  the 
Little  Giant  lifting  injector,  shown  in  Fig.  19.  The  regula- 
tion of  the  quantity  of  water  supplied  to  the  injector  is 
performed  by  the  hand  wheel,  Fig.  18,  which  being  secured 
to  the  combining  nozzle,  moves  the  latter  towards  A  and  B, 
fig.  19,  thus  reducing  or  enlarging  the  space  between  the 
steam  nozzle  and  the  combining  nozzle,  allowing  a  large 
quantity  of  water  to  jenter  when  moved  towards  B,  and  a 
smaller  quantity  towards  A. 

This  arrangement  can  be  seen  from  the  sectional  view 
of  a  stationary  injector,  represented  in  Fig.  41,  page  69. 

50 


LITTLE    GIANT   LIFTING   INJECTOR   OF    1889. 


To  start  injector,  have  the  combining  tube  or  nozzle 
in  position  to  allow  sufficient  water  to  condense  the  steam 
when  starting  valve  is  wide  open.  Then  open  the  starting 
valve  slightly ;  when  water  shows  at  overflow  open  starting 
valve  wide,  where  it  should  remain  while  injector  is  at  work. 
The  quantity  of  water  is  graduated  by  moving  the  com- 
bining nozzle. 

To  stop  injector,  close  starting  valve. 

When  the  injector  is  to  be  used  as  a  Heater,  to  heat  the 
water  in  the  tender,  close  overflow  by  moving  combining 
nozzle  towards  the  discharge,  and  open  the  steam  valve  to 
admit  steam. 

The  nozzles  are  easily  reached  for  cleaning  by  removing 
the  delivery  end  coupling  and  the  front  steam  valve. 


NON-LIFTING   LITTLE   GIANT. 

The  non-lifting  injector  represented  in  Fig.  20  and  2 1 
elevation  and  sectional  views  is  generally  placed  below  the 
level  of  the  water  in  tender.  As  seen  from  the  cuts  it  is  a 


Fig.  20. 


very  simple  instrument  and  its  parts  easily  to  be  removed 
for  repair,  by  simply  unscrewing  the  cap  at  the  bottom  of 
the  machine. 


THE   HANCOCK  INSPIRATOR. 


SUCTON 


The  word  Inspirator  has  been  applied  to  the  machine  by 
its  inventor,  Mr.  John  T.  Hancock,  M.  E.,  who  has  been 
dead  some  years. 

The  inspirator  is  a  similar  instrument  to  an  injector  and 
differs  only  in  its  construction.  The  inspirator  shown  in 
the  above  cut  is  similar  to  the  one  already  described  on 
page  48.  It  consists  of  a  double  apparatus,  one-half  of 
which  is  a  lifter,  and  the  other  half  a  forcer,  the  lifter 
drawing  the  water  and  delivering  it  to  the  forcer,  which 
delivers  it  to  the  boiler,  at  any  steam  pressure,  without 
adjustment.  A  sectional  cut  of  this  injector  applied  to 
stationary  boilers  is  shown  in  Fig.  37,  page  67. 

To  start  the  inspirator,  draw  the  lever  back  sufficiently 
to  bring  the  water,  then  draw  it  back  to  the  stop. 

53 


INJECTORS 


ADAPTED  FOR 


Stationary  Boiler  Service. 


EXPLANATION  OF  DETAILS. 

DIRECTION  FOR  OPERATION. 


X.  B. — Injectors  for  Stationary  Boilers  differ  from  the  ones  adapted  for  Loco- 
motive Boiler  service  only  in  the  dimension  of  their  respective  internal  parts  ; 
the  former  being  constructed  to  perform  the  duty  under  a  considerably  lower 
steam  pressure  than  the  latter. 


FRIEDMANN'S    PATENT    INJECTORS. 
THE  MONITOR  LIFTING  INJECTOR. 

Figures  23  and  24  represent  an  elevation  and  sectional 
view  of  the  Monitor  lifting  injector,  which  is  an  adaptation 
of  the  well  known  locomotive  injector  of  that  name  to  sta- 
tionary boilers,  and  possesses  all  the  characteristics  of  that 
splendid  instrument,  a  descriptioji  of  which  has  already 


Fig.  23. 

been  given  on  page  42.  These  injectors  are  also  capable 
of  being  worked  down  to  half  their  capacity  by  regulating 
with  water  valve  only.  This  injector  may  also  be  used  as 
a  non-lifting  where  a  head  of  water  is  available. 

To  start  the  injector:  Open  jet  valve  J  until  the  water 

56 


THE    MONITOR    LIFTING    INJECTOR. 


57 


flows  out  of  the  overflow  O,  as  soon  as  the  water  appears 
at  the  overflow,  open  the  main  steam  valve,  and  close 
the  jet  valve  J. 


Fig.  24. 


Should  water  still  be  discharged  from  the  overflow,  reduce 
gradually  the  water  supply  by  water  valve  until  the  dis- 
charge ceases. 


THE  MONITOR  NON-LIFTING  INJECTOR. 


Fig.  25. 


The  injector  represented  in  the  above  cut  is  the  same  as 
the  Monitor  lifting  injector,  with  the  exception  of  the  lifting 
jet,  which,  in  this  injector,  is  dispensed  with,  and  conse- 
quently the  manipulation  required  to  start  the  non-lifting 
injector  is  the  same  as  the  one  for  the  lifting  injector,  the 
lifting  jet  valve  not  being  considered. 


THE    PENBERTHY   AUTOMATIC    LIFTING 

INJECTOR. 


Fig.  26. 


27- 


The  above  figures  represent  an  elevation  and  sectional 
view  of  the  improved  Penberthy  Automatic  Injector.  Re- 
fering  to  Fig.  27  it  will  be  seen  that  the  action  of  the 
steam  and  water,  when  they  meet  at  2  and  3,  is  the  same 
as  in  the  injector  described  on  pages  46  and  60,  viz :  the 
ring  5  adheres  closely  to  3  as  soon  as  the  vacuum  is 
formed  by  the  action  of  the  steam  and  water  at  2  and  3, 
expelling  the  air  out  of  those  chambers. 

To  start  the  injector:  Open  the  globe  valve  on  steam 
end  and  then  globe  valve  in  water  supply  pipe.  If  water 
continues  to  issue  from  overflow  after  injector  has  started, 
throttle  the  water  valve  until  the  discharge  ceases. 

To  stop :  Close  the  steam  valve.  The  water  valve  need 
not  be  closed  unless  the  injector  is  used  as  a  non-lifter. 


59 


GRESHAM'S  AUTOMATIC  INJECTOR. 


The  following  cuts,  Figs.  28  and  29,  represent  the 
Gresham's  new  patent  automatic  re-starting  injector.  This 
injector  has  taken  the  first  prize  in  the  Inventors'  Exhibition 
in  London,  and  was  the  most  interesting  feature  of  the 
machinery  department  of  that  exhibition,  and  was  selected 
by  the  managers  to  supply  the  boilers  which  furnished  the 
steam  for  the  motive  power  used  in  the  exhibition.  Among 
its  most  valuable  points  were  its  instantaneous  and  per- 


STEAM 


Fig.  28. 


DELIVERY 
Fig.   2*. 


fectly  automatic  performance  as  soon  as  steam  and  water 
were  turned  on,  and  its  restarting  quality,  which  enabled  it 
to  take  up  the  feed  water  at  once  and  without  any  handling 


60 


GRESHAM  S    AUTOMATIC    INJECTOR. 


6l 


of  valves,  after  the  supply  had  been  withdrawn  or  inter- 
rupted from  any  cause  whatsoever.  The  last  feature  seems 
to  make  the  Gresham  injector  peculiarly  adapted  for  the 
feed  of  boilers  of  traction  engines  and  tug  boats,  and 
steam  craft  generally,  where  the  supply  of  feed  water  is  so 
liable  to  interruption  from  traveling  over  rough  surfaces 
on  the  one  hand,  and  from  the  motion  of  the  waves  on  the 
other. 

To  start  injector,  open  steam  valve  first  and  then  the 
water  valve  in  the  supply  pipe.  If  water  continues  to  issue 
from  overflow  after  the  injector  had  started,  turn  back  the 
water  valve  until  the  discharge  ceases. 

To  stop,  close  steam  valve.  The  water  need  not  be 
closed  unless  the  injector  is  used  as  a  non-lifter. 


SELLERS'    FIXED   NOZZLE   AUTOMATIC 
LIFTING    INJECTOR   OF   1885. 


Fig.  30. 

The  above  illustration  represent  the  Sellers  Fixed 
Nozzle  Automatic  Injector  for  feeding  stationary  boilers. 
It  can  be  used  either  to  receive  the  water  supply  under  a 
head,  or  raise  it  a  considerable  height  before  delivering  it 
into  the  boiler.  By  reference  to  the  sectional  view  Fig.  31, 
A  is  the  body ;  B,  steam  connection ;  C,  water  supply  con- 
nection, in  which  is  situated  the  water  regulating  valve  R  ; 
D  is  the  water  delivery  connection  containing  a  check- 
valve,  and  leading  to  the  boiler.  The  overflow  valve  N 
may  be  shifted  to  either  side  of  the  injector's  body,  and 
turned  radially,  so  that  the  injector  may  be  placed  in  any 
position  that  will  permit  to  discharge  the  overflow  verti- 
cally downward. 

62 


SELLERS'  FIXED  NOZZLE^  AUTOMATIC  LIFTING  INJECTOR.   63 

By  removing  the  end  caps  all  of  the  nozzles  can  be  re- 
moved for  examination  or  for  cleaning  without  disturbing 
the  pipe  connections. 


The  manipulation  required  to  start,  when  feed  water  is 
to  be  raised :  Open  steam  valve  S  one-half  turn,  and  when 
water  appears  at  the  overflow  open  steam  valve  until  over- 
flow ceases. 

When  feed  water  is  under  pressure:  Open  ist  water 
regulating  valve  R ;  2d,  open  steam  valve  S  all  the  way. 
Regulate  the  supply  by  the  water  valve  R. 


KORTING  UNIVERSAL  INJECTOR  OF  1886 


SIDE  LEVER  STYLE. 


TO 
BOILER 


Fig.  32. 


STEAM 


TO 

BOILER 


Fig.    33- 


A  similar  injector  with  an  improved  front  lever  has  been 
described  on  page  48.  The  object  of  the  above  illustra- 
tions is  to  show  the  construction  of  this  class  of  injector,  a 
great  number  of  which  are  in  use  at  present. 

64 


KORTING  UNIVERSAL  INJECTOR.  65 

The  position  of  the  injector  attached  to  a  stationary 
boiler  is  represented  on  the  figure  below,  and  shows  the 
manner  in  which  the  lifting  and  non-lifting  injectors  are 
connected  to  a  steam  boiler. 


THE  AMERICAN  AUTOMATIC  INJECTOR. 

STEAM 


Fig.  34- 


Fig.  35- 


The  inventor  of  the  above  injector,  Mr.  H.  Murdock, 
has  invented  the  first  automatic  live  steam  injector  made 
in  this  country.  The  injector,  however,  was  not  exactly 
similar  to  the  machine  shown  in  the  Figs.  34  and  35,  which 
was  patented  in  Jan.  12,  1886. 

The  injector  is  operated  by  opening  the  steam  valve 
first  and  then  the  valve  in  the  supply  (or  suction  pipe). 
The  injector  is  controlled  entirely  by  the  valve  in  supply 
pipe,  after  steam  is  turned  on.  By  means  of  this  valve 
the  injector  is  made  to  throw  its  maximum  and  minimum 
of  water,  and  may  also  be  given  too  much  as  well  as 
too  little  water. 


66 


THE  HANCOCK  INSPIRATOR. 


Fig.  36. 


Fig-  37- 


The  action  of  this  inspirator  can  easily  be  understood 
by  following  the  direction  of  the  arrows,  as  shown  in  the 
sectional  cut,  Fig.  37. 

This  class  of  inspirator  is  employed  for  feeding  stationary 
boilers.  Its  construction  and  action  has  been  already  given 
on  page  53. 


THE  EBERMAN  LIFTING  INJECTOR. 


STEAM 


WATER 


To  BOILER 


OVERFLOW 


Fig.  38. 


Fig-  39- 


The  above  engravings  show  the  elevation  and  sectional 
view  of  a  boiler  feeder  invented  by  Mr.  Albert  Eberman. 
Looking  at  the  sectional  view,  Fig.  39,  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  action  of  this  injector  is  very  similar  to  the  one  des- 
cribed on  page  64.  To  start  the  injector  turn  the  handle 
one-quarter,  or  less,  to  lift,  waiting  until  water  comes  at 
overflow  and  gets  cool,  then  pass  the  handle  on  around 
until  the  overflow  is  closed ;  then  the  feeder  is  at  work. 

68 


THE    LITTLE    GIANT    NON-LIFTING 
INJECTOR. 


Fig.  40. 


Fig.  41. 

These  injectors  are  similar  to  the  Locomotive  Little 
Giant,  only  they  have  no  lever  starting  valve,  and  when 
the  water  is  to  be  raised  a  lifter  is  placed  in  the  water  pipe, 
with  an  independent  jet,  which  permits  the  use  of  ordinary 
valves  in  place  of  special  ones.  The  manipulation  required 
to  operate  these  injectors  is  the  same  as  for  the  locomotive 
injector  described  on  page  50. 

69 


INJECTOR  AS  A  FIRE  EXTINGUISHER. 

We  have  already  mentioned,  at  the  beginning  of  this 
work,  that  the  principle  of  injectors  has  numerous  other 
applications  and  that  all  its  other  uses,  except  as  a  boiler 
feeder,  were  foreign  to  our  programme.  However,  we  find 
it  desirable  to  make  a  short  deviation,  having  taken  in 
consideration,  that  it  is  almost  within  the  personal  experi- 
ence and  observation  of  every  steam  engineer,  that  in  cases 
of  a  big  conflagration  the  resources  of  the  fire  department, 
turns  to  be  insufficient  and  that  in  such  localities  where 
fire  apparatuses  do  not  exist  at  all ;  the  relief  is  sought 
from  those,  who  are  in  charge  of  steam  boilers  and  are 
near  enough  to  be  able  to  render  an  efficient  service. 

Moreover,  it  would  not  be  unreasonable  to  expect,  that 
the  safety  of  the  establishment,  where  the  engineer  oper- 
ates, is  of  the  greatest  personal  interest  to  him,  and  that 
he  must  be  the  first  and  the  most  competent  person  to 
give  an  immediate  relief,  as  far  as  the  means  at  his  hands 
afford,  in  case  of  fire.  In  fact,  it  must  be  his  sacred  duty 
to  be  always  prepared  for  such  an  emergency,  and  not  to 
wait  for  the  arrival  of  the  outside  help,  but  be  ready  to  do 
his  best  at  a  moments  notice.  These  considerations, 
namely,  make  us  believe,  that  a  few  words  about  inject- 
ors use  for  fire  extinguishing  purposes  would  not  be  out 
of  place  here. 

Fire  engineers  were  always  anxiously  looking  for  some 
means  or  methods  of  increasing  the  efficiency  of  their 
apparatuses,  especially  in  those  cases  where  the  head  on 

70 


INJECTOR    AS    A    FIRE    EXTINGUISHER.  71 

the  hydrant  was  not  great  and  the  engine  could  not  force 
water  to  the  desired  height.  The  principle  of  injector  has 
not  escaped  their  attention,  and  they  readily  understood, 
as  Mr.  Froude  observes,  "  that  any  surface  which  in  passing 
through  a  fluid  experience  resistance,  must  in  doing  so 
impress  on  the  particles,  which  resist  it,  a  force  in  the  line 
of  motion,  equal  to  the  resistance.  This,  of  course, 
applies  as  much  to  a  stream  of  water,  as  to  a 
solid  surface,  and  in  that  case  as  much  force  is  com- 
municated to  the  slow  moving  fluid,  as  is  taken  out  of 
the  rapid  stream,  although,  some  of  the  effects  must  neces- 
sarily be  lost  in  eddies  and  whirls."  It  was  soon  found 
out,  however,  that  this  loss  was  insignificant,  when  com- 
pared to  the  many  advantages  which  the  utilization  of  this 
principle  would  necessarily  possess,  and  how  it  could  con- 
siderably increase  the  height  of  the  stream  thrown  out  of 
the  fire  engines. 

These  considerations  have  induced  Messrs.  Martindale 
and  Greathead  to  design  their  hydrant  injectors,  which  are 
arranged  differently  in  order  to  make  them  best  suited  for 
the  work  under  varying  conditions. 

In  the  opinion  of  the  chiefs  of  fire  department,  the 
maximum  quantity  of  water  required  for  extinguishing 
fires  would  be  2000  gallons  per  one  minute,  divided 
between  fourteen  jets,  passing  through  an  aggregate  of 
half  of  a  mile  of  hose,  or  of  two  hundred  feet  of  its  length 
for  each  jet.  If  the  hose  is  about  2^  inches  in  diameter, 
it  requires  3  inches  of  head  for  every  running  foot,  so  that 
50  feet  of  head  will  be  absorbed  by  the  jet,  and  if  the 
pressure  in  the  hydrant  is  32  Ibs.  per  square  inch,  the  same 
is  equivalent  to-  74  feet  head  of  water. 

It  is  easy  to  understand,  how  injector  can  be  utilized  for 
the  purposes  of  extinguishing.  The  principle  remaining 
the  same,  its  application  to  the  fire  apparatuses  differs  from 


72  INJECTOR    AS    A    FIRE    EXTINGUISHER. 

its  use  for  feeding  steam  boilers  in  this,  that  while  in  the 
latter  case  the  liquified  jet  of  steam  issuing  from  the 
delivery  nozzle,  was  calculated  so  as  to  be  strong  enough 
to  force  its  way  into  the  boiler,  after  having  lifted  the  check 
valve,  and  to  lose  all  its  momentum  as  soon  as  it  had 
spread  out  and  mingled  itself  with  the  hot  water  inside  of 
the  boiler,  in  the  case  of  extinguishing  fire  this  jet  issuing 
from  the  delivery  nozzle  must  possess  a  velocity  in  the 
same  direction,  in  which  the  water,  it  impinges  upon,  flows 
and  be  greater  than  that  of  the  latter,  in  order  to  be  able 
to  carry  it  along  and  to  a  greater  height,  than  it  could  rise 
itself  without  this  assistance. 

The  velocity,  of  course,  depends  upon  the  pressure  of 
the  steam  in  the  boiler,  and  consequently  can  be  easily  ob- 
tained by  attending  to  the  firing  of  the  boiler  and  by  con- 
sulting the  steam  gauge.     As  to  the  direction,  it  must  be 
regulated  by  making  the  geometrical  axis  of  the  delivery 
nozzle  fall  with  the  line  of  motion  of  the  extinguishing  jet, 
or  what  amounts  to  the  same,   with  the   direction  of  the 
hose. 

This  condition  can  be  easily  satisfied  by  making  a  suit- 
able connection  of  the  hydrant  with  the  hose  by  means  of  a 
double  bend  and  by  coupling  the  injector  right  opposite  to 
the  hose.  As  a  matter  of  course,  the  double  bend  must  have 
besides  the  two  end  openings,  (one  for  the  hydrant,  and 
one  for  the  hose)  a  third  one  for  the  injector  connection. 
From  this  it  is  easy  to  see,  that  the  utilization  of  injector 
for  fire  extinguishing  purposes  does  not  present  any  diffi- 
culty, and  an  intelligent  engineer  can  always  provide  him- 
self with  whatever  is  necessary  beforehand,  so  that,  if  he 
has  a  spare  injector  of  a  large  size,  he  would  be  able  to 
use  it  for  that  end  without  a  moments  delay. 

The  arrangement  as  regards  the  details   must  be  left  to 
his  own  judgment,  as  it  will  vary  according  to  circumstan- 


INJECTOR    AS    A    FIRE    EXTINGUISHER.  73 

ces,  and  will  principally  depend  upon  the  source  of  water 
supply,  i.  e.,  wether  the  same  is  obtained  from  the  street 
main,  from  a  cistern,  from  a  well  or  from  a  river,  etc. 
When  a  boiler  is  supplied  with  two  injectors  or  when  there 
is  a  reserve  steam  boiler  with  a  separate  injector,  attached 
to  it,  the  engineer  can  always  have  those  injectors  in 
readiness  for  immediate  use  in  case  of  fire.  However,  it 
would  be  much  more  convenient  to  be  provided  with  an 
extra  injector  for  that  purpose  and  all  necessary  con- 
nections. 

Concerning  the  efficiency  of  injector  as  a  fire  exting- 
uishing appliance,  we  can  affirm  without  hesitation,  on  the 
strength  of  numerous  reports  of  experts,  that  the  same 
turns  to  be  very  satisfactory.  The  liquified  jet  is  cap- 
able of  carrying  along  with  it  double  of  its  own  volume  of 
water  with  a  comparatively  speaking  small  loss  of  its  own 
velocity.  The  fact  that  the  most  of  the  locomotive  engines 
on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  are  supplied  with  injectors  or 
rather  extinguishers,  does  also  show  the  great  benefit 
of  using  an  injector  as  a  fire  extinguisher.  The  apparatus 
is  placed  underneath  the  foot  plate  of  the  locomotive  engine 
and  it  has  double  discharge  ends  for  hose  connections, 
taking  the  supply  water  from  the  tender.  At  a  boiler 
pressure  of  about  100  Ibs.  the  extinguisher  is  capable  of 
throwing  out  a  double  jet  of  water  about  5-16  of  an  inch  in 
diameter  at  a  very  far  distance  and  height,  and  it  is  intended 
to  be  used  for  the  extinguishing  of  any  fire  that  will  happen 
to  break  out  at  any  of  the  Company's  buildings,  as  well  as 
to  render  assistance  to  any  dwelling  house  situated  along- 
side the  Railroad  tracks. 

By  the  above,  we  merely  wish  to  call  the  engineers  at- 
tention to  the  fact,  that  an  injector  can  be  applied  with  ad- 
vantages and  is  of  immense  benefit  in  those  localities, 


74 


INJECTOR    AS    A    FIRE    EXTINGUISHER. 


where  there  are  no  other  appliances  for  extinguishing  fire 
on  hand,  or  where  the  outside  help  is  too  far. 

Such  arrangements  are  often  to  be  seen  in  large  mills  or 
factories  situated  in    small  country  places. 


On  page  15,  in  the  foot  note,  1062  should  be  read  1202. 


IFlatban   /Ifcanufactunng  Co., 

92-94    LIBERTY    ST.,    NEW   YORK. 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 


FREEDMANN'S  PATENT  INJECTORS, 

LIFTING  AND  NON-LIFTING  WITH  ALL  LATEST  IMPROVEMENTS. 
For  Locomotive  and  Stationary  Boilers. 

ALSO  STEAM  BOILER  WASHERS  AND  FILLERS, 

EJECTORS    OR   WATER    ELEVATORS,    RELIEF  VALVES.    LUBRICATORS, 
ROD    AND    GUIDE    OIL    CUPS,     ETC. 


SEND    FXDR    ILLUSTRATED 


William  Sellers  61  Co.,  ****** 


SOLE    MANUFACTURERS    AND    PATENTEES    OF 

THE  SELF-ADJUSTING  INJECTOR  OF  1876. 

THE  SELF-ACTING  INJECTOR  OF  1887. 
THE  FIXED  NOZZLE  AUTOMATIC  INJECTOR 

OF    1885. 

Injectors   Adapted  to  Every  Condition  of  Locomotive  and 
Stationary  Boiler  Service. 


DESCRIPTIVE  PRICE-LISTS  FURNISHED  ON   APPLICATION. 


•a-  Hutomattc  IFnjector. 


Received   Only    Medal  Awarded   for  Injectors   at  Detroit 
Exposition,  1889. 


SIMPLE,  RELIABLE,  DURABLE. 

They  work  from  20  Ibs.  to  150  Ibs.  pressure,  lift  20  feet 
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Special  Injectors  for  200  Ibs,  pressure  furnished  without 
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109  Seventh  Street,  Detroit,  Mich. 

GEO.  I.  ROBERTS  &  BRO. 

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INDIA    RUBBER. 


A    PRACTICAL    TREATISE 


— ON   THE — 


Raw  Material  and  Manufacture  ol  India  Rubber, 


COMPRISING  THE 


PROPERTIES  OF  RAW  MATERIALS,  WITH  THE  FABRICATION 
OF  VULCANIZED  AND  HARD  RUBBERS  FOR  MECHAN- 
ICAL AND  SURGICAL  APPLICATIONS, 

Mitb  flUustrations. 


BY 


GEORGE  N.  NISSENSON. 


SOLD     BY    SUBSCRIPTION     O1M1-Y, 

PRICE,    ONE    DOLLAR. 


Address  all  Communications  to  the  Author, 

GEORGE   N.  NISSENSON, 

160  East  icgth  Street, 

NEW  YORK  CITY. 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 

AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


FES     7  1939 

,      3lMar'60GB 

ft 

LD  21-95wi-7,'37 

12875 


96047 


: 


